The Character of Slim Essay Essay Example

The Character of Slim Essay Essay During the fresh Slim is respected and trusted by his fellow spread workers and even has Curley following his orders. Slim advises George and becomes George’s intimate. As he acts as George’s intimate he later becomes the moral supreme authority of the drama. he is the chief character who can acknowledge things from right and incorrect. Slim is a particular character because he speaks to everyone from Crooks to Candy and even Curley’s married woman. In the novel the thought of hierarchy is of import. as Slim is trusted by the whole spread he is the 1 who is at the top. this is shown in the novel with his authorization. However during the drama he is the character who represents the baronial spread worker. Slim represents a sympathetic influence in the otherwise hostile nature of mundane life on the spread. When the reader first meets Slim in the novel he is presented as being high in the hierarchy in the novel. Slim is presented as a respectable adult male which is why the other spread workers trust him. this accordingly leads him to going the adult male who George can confide in approximately Lennie. as Slim realizes that Lennie has the outlook of a kid. We will write a custom essay sample on The Character of Slim Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Character of Slim Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Character of Slim Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This shows how Slim is presented as a adult male who is really wise which leads people to swearing him. This is shown when it says. â€Å"his tone was friendly. It invited assurance without demanding it. † This illustrates how people can swear because of Slim’s soft nature. The ranch workers are shown in to esteem because of the hierarchy and because he is the baronial spread worker when it says. â€Å"they precede him. † This shows his authorization within the spread as they respect him and because of his place in the hierarchy of the spread. As Slim is portion of the hierarchy of the spread he described as when traveling â€Å"with a stateliness merely achieved by royalty. † This is shown to stress his place within the spread hierarchy and this presents the thought that he is like the prince of the spread. As slim is skilled he is called a â€Å"Jerkline skinner† which shows he is really baronial. This gives the feeling that as he has great skille d and a great deepness of perceptual experience he about emanates unagitated and understanding. In the fresh Slim is shown to hold a personality which is really alone compared to the other workers on the spread. Slim is described as holding a â€Å"hatchet face† which is â€Å"ageless. † This gives the feeling that Slim has a sense of immortality around him. which is described as being extraordinary. This illustrates how Slender as he is ageless is about like a piece of furniture for the spread as he is high up in the hierarchy which farther enforces the fact that Slim is a baronial spread worker who is trusted by the work forces. Steinbeck uses slims â€Å"ageless† and â€Å"hatchet face† to use the usage of similes to demo the character of Slim. He employs similes when Steinbeck writes that Slim’s custodies are â€Å"delicate† and are â€Å"those of a temple terpsichorean. † Steinbeck uses similes to demo Slim’s elegance within the novel. which besides represents his character as a character who is able to state right fr om right from incorrect which is a accomplishment in itself. This is besides illustrates how he has great accomplishment with his custodies. Furthermore. Slim is a character who is â€Å"capable of killing a fly on the wheeler’s butt with a bull whip without touching the mule. † This shows how Slim is trusted among the workers ; this besides emphasizes how Slim is character who is really powerful but controlled. Steinbeck presents Slim in the novel as a character who is about like a father-figure for the other ranch workers. This is shown when Steinbeck wrote that Slim has a â€Å"understanding beyond idea. † This illustrates how Slim is the male parent figure as he is the wise adult male of the spread and is the individual who is besides really perceptive. This shows that his mensural manner of life gave great hope to the other ranch work forces and gave them inspiration and a friend who they could speak to. Steinbeck uses positive adverbs to demo his kindness towards Lennie and George. As Slim is wise and really clever he realizes that Lennie has a head of a kid. This is shown when he uses the adverbs â€Å"kindly† and â€Å"Gently. † This shows how he has a caring attitude towards them as George has about looked after Lennie his whole life. In this manner he is about sympathetic towards George because he realizes how much George has had to cover with because of Lennie. which is why Slim becomes the intimate of George. Steinbeck makes the character of Slim become the intimate of George. He uses this so Steinbeck can associate back to the original narrative of George and Lennie. This is shown when it said. â€Å"Slim neither encouraged nor discouraged him. He merely sat back quiet and receptive. † This illustrates how Slim gained the trust of George because of his soft nature and because he is the male parent figure. This shows how he is in touch with other ranchmen although harmonizing to the hierarchy he is much higher than them. this shows how he is a really baronial and wise adult male because he considers himself as one of the common work forces. So he is able to listen to them with their jobs like they are the same his. As Slim becomes the intimate of George. in the conversation with George he says that Lennie is â€Å"a nice fella† and that â€Å"He ain’t mean† This shows how Slim has a different attitude towards Lennie as if he is looking after him every bit good as George. This is why the reader becomes sympathetic because Slim is sympathetic towards Lennie which encourages the reader to go sympathetic. This creates a cardinal function for Slim because without Slim the reader would non hold been encouraged to go as sympathetic to Lennie. Slim is polar towards the intervention Crooks because he is one of the lone people in the spread to handle Crooks with the regard he deserves. This is shown when he says. â€Å"He’s enough good. † This illustrates how Slim is just and compassionate because it shows how he knows the difference between right and incorrect which shows how he is impartial. This is because during the 1930s it was normal for black people to be treated really severely because to many people they were still known as slaves. which is shown through the isolation in which crooks lives. This is farther enforced when Slim is the really first character to turn to Crooks by his existent name alternatively of the name â€Å"nigger† which is a black slave or â€Å"stable vaulting horse. † This shows how he treats him with more regard than the other charac ters do. This gives the feeling that Slim clearly seems to hold a scruples during the novel. this shows why work forces swear his judgement. Through this it gives the feeling that Slim could be the metaphorical voice of Steinbeck showing his positions on bias and the manner people are treated and how they should be treated. During the novel the pragmatism of Slim is shown when he acts like a leader and usher because the Canis familiaris has been shot. This is shown when he says â€Å"Take a shovel. † to Carlson. The usage of an imperative shows Slim’s commanding nature and authorization. Furthermore as he is commanding. he is besides a realist which is why he understands that the Canis familiaris needs to be shot for the better of the Canis familiaris. The short sentence structure creates an consequence because it shows Slim’s dominating nature. Slim has a really dominating nature which is why Slim is the moral supreme authority during the novel and which is why he knows that Candy’s Canis familiaris has to decease. This is shown when â€Å"Candy looked impotently at him. for Slim’s sentiments were jurisprudence. † This enforces the thought of Slim being the moral supreme authority because it shows how it is an emphasized thought which is strengthened by the fac t that it is a statement. In the novel Slim has a batch of power and different characters to his character. As he is sort to many characters. non many ranchmen know what he truly would make. This is shown when it says. â€Å"Nobody don’t know what Slim can make. † This illustrates how Slim does hold a bad side which known wants to acquire on the bad side with. This thought that no one’s what he can make implies that Slim is capable of great force. This is shown when he â€Å"drowned four of mutton quads right off. † This is because his â€Å"bitch† could non feed them which shows that he will merely make force if it is necessary and so for the better non the worse. this emphasizes his overpowering power Slim has. Slim’s place in the hierarchy is high because he is able to do Curley halt what he is making. This shows his assertiveness when he says. â€Å"you ballad offa me. † This implies that due to the hierarchy and Curley’s fright of Slim. he is prepared to make what Slim tells him to. However when Lennie is acquiring beaten up by Curley. it shows how Slim is really peaceable but at the same clip endangering and ever looking out for people who are non in the incorrect. This is shown when â€Å"Slim jumped up. † this shows how Slim is protective over Lenny which makes the reader feels sympathetic towards Lennie. On the other manus his aggression is shown when says. â€Å"get um myself. † This illustrates how Slim has a concealed strength. and about Acts of the Apostless like a baronial dark Equus caballus. When Curley’s married woman dies. the character of Slim reveals that he did care about Curley’s married woman which is why he is respectful and caring during her decease. This is shown when Slim tells Curley â€Å"stay here with your married woman. † Slim uses an imperative to demo how he knows that Curley needs to remain at that place for his ain benefit but for Lennie’s every bit good. But. as the state of affairs escalates Slim realizes that â€Å"we got ta get im. † As he takes control of the state of affairs he does non make because he wants to kill Lennie but because he wants them to travel easy on Lennie and non ache him. This is because Curley wants to. â€Å"strap him down and set him in a coop. † This illustrates how Slender attentions for Lennie and does non desire him to decease. When Lennie dies he has to move as a intimate where he goes to George and non the opposite manner unit of ammunition because he has to reassure him because otherwise he knows that George will be feeling really bad after. He uses his realistic expression on life to demo how in life that is a rough life. this is shown when he says. â€Å"A cat got to sometimes. † This illustrates how he has to maintain George unagitated and does this by the usage of repeat. which is shown when he says. â€Å"you hadda George. I swear you hadda. † He is acquiting George so that he feels better which is further implemented when Slim â€Å"twitched George’s cubitus. † So Slender utilizations positive encouragement to hearten up George. This is in contrast to when Slim had to hearten confect up for when they killed his Canis familiaris. it is like Lennie is George’s whelp and so Slim has to now hearten up George. While facing George about killing Lennie Slim says to him to sit down and so â€Å"sat down beside him. sat really near to him. † The repeat of the word â€Å"sat† shows how he Is once more utilizing the thought of repeat to quiet him as they are friends and Slim is the male parent figure for George. the manner George was for Lennie. This creates a physical propinquity which is created by the appeasement and repe at. The writer uses Darwin’s theory to show a subject to the reader that merely the strongest can last in the universe and the weak must decease. which is why Lennie must decease. This is because Lennie is like the ill whelp because it would be â€Å"cruel to maintain him alive† like Carlson said. Overall Slim is presented in â€Å"Of mice and men† as the male parent figure of the spread and so the leader to whom everyone respects and can speak to in times of demand. As he is the father figure of the spread he is really baronial and sees himself as one of the common workers. this is why he is the moral supreme authority during the drama who voices the sentiment of Steinbeck. As George neer truly had anyone talk to. Slim becomes the intimate for George assisting him through George’s heartache when he kills Lennie. Slim provides a polar function in the Novel because he is the character who is impartial and is one of the common work forces who is high in the hier archy.

Benefits of Attending Churches for International Students

Benefits of Attending Churches for International Students Executive summary This proposal is aimed at raising the awareness of international students about the benefits of attending churches.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Benefits of Attending Churches for International Students specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This proposal includes several elements: the design of brochures and leaflets about the churches in California; distribution of these leaflets; evaluation of students’ experiences and attitude toward churches. The proposed program can assist learners who struggle with culture shock and alienation from others. People, who will be involved in this project, should have qualifications in several areas such as management, design, and social research. The budget of this project will be $ 2000. There are several important outcomes: ability of international students to adapt to a different environment; their resistance to culture shock; the increased awareness of educators and social workers about the problems that international students have to struggle with. This project can be supported by various public organizations, but the most important role can be played by California Association of Student Councils. This agency can support a great number of international students. These are the main aspects that should not be overlooked. Introduction This proposal is aimed at increasing student’s awareness about the benefits of joining local churches that are located in California. In particular, it is necessary to design and distribute brochures that contain the following information: names and addresses of local churches; the time when one can attend these churches; the benefits of joining such organization. This initiative has several rationales. First, it should be noted that international students face such a problem as culture shock. This issue can be attributed to various factors such as lack of knowledge about culture, languag e barriers, or inability to see one’s relatives (Arthur 26; Burnapp 43).Advertising Looking for proposal on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore, these learners establish close contacts only with people who share their language or culture. As a result, after several years of study they know very little about the host country, and they cannot integrate themselves in the community. One can say that this problem will become even more important in the future because the number of international students will only increase (International Student Trends unpaged). In turn, by joining local churches, these people can develop their communicative skills and learn more about various aspects of foreign culture (Montgomery 100). This approach has already benefited learners from other countries. It will be easier for them to integrate themselves into the society. The following section will include the description of the project, its budgetary requirements, and timelines. On the whole, the successful implementation of this initiative can positively affect the lives of many international students whose experiences can be impaired by culture shock and alienation. Description of the project The significance of the proposal Overall, this project can affect a great number of stakeholders. One should take into account that in 2011 there were 96,535 international students in California (International Student Trends unpaged). Moreover, this number is likely to increase in the future. One can say that the success of this project can positively affect academic performance of students (Andrade and Evans 50). Finally, these people can eventually learn more about the country in which they live. These are the main issues that should be considered. This initiative can be supported by California Association of Student Councils.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Bene fits of Attending Churches for International Students specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main steps This project will consist of several stages. At first, it is necessary to design a brochure which contains relevant information about local churches. It is vital to focus on those churches located in the most populous districts of California. In other words, international students should be able to find these organizations as soon as possible. Furthermore, these leaflets should clearly explain the benefits of joining churches. These are the main requirements that should be met during the stage of design. Apart from that, it is necessary to distribute leaflets and brochures in those areas in which there are many universities and colleges that international students can attend. This approach can significantly simplify the work of volunteers who should be involved in this project. This is one of the issues should be considered. Finally, it is i mportant to conduct a follow-up evaluation of those international students who chose to join one of local churches. This assessment should be related to the following aspects: the wellbeing of students; their perception of foreign culture and country; their attitude toward the church. Furthermore, in the course of the interview, one should also find out how many of students decided to attend churches and how much time they spend there. This assessment is important for determining whether this initiative is effective. These are the main elements of this proposal. On the whole, this proposal can be of great use to many people, especially those ones who help international students adapt to a new cultural and linguistic environment. These people will not be alienated from local community, and this is the main outcome of this proposal.Advertising Looking for proposal on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is one of the main aspects that be identified. Moreover, this project can be completed by people who have expertise in various areas. One can say that this project can have significant implications for many educational organizations in California. Qualification and experience As a person, who majors in economics, I am able to manage the implementation of this strategy, especially its costs. Moreover, I can coordinate the efforts of other people, who will be involved in this project. In this case, one can speak about volunteers who will design and distribute the brochures to students. I have already worked on various group assignments, and I had to act as the team leader. Apart from that, I know many international students, and I am familiar with their experiences. Additionally, I know what kind of difficulties these people face, especially when they have to leave in different environment. Yet, one has to admit that this initiative can be successfully implemented provided that I am assisted by people, who have skills in areas that are not related to economics. Much attention should be paid to such fields as design and psychology. The first group of external consultants will be engaged in the design of the brochure about local churches. Secondly, this project should involve individuals, who are skilled in social research because they need to survey those international students who decided to attend the churches. These are the main requirements that should not be overlooked. Timeline The tasks identified in this proposal can be successfully implemented in the course of four months. In particular, one can single out the following stages: Approximately thirty days will be needed to design and publish the brochures and leaflets. At this point, it will be essential to attract the attention of international students and explain why local churches can be of great use to them. This is why one should spend a sufficient amount of time on this assignment. Furthermore , it is necessary to spend at least two days on the distribution of these materials to students. The main task of volunteers is to explain what kind of information will be presented in brochures and leaflets. Finally, it is important to mention the follow-up survey which is aimed at determining whether any people, who received the brochure, decided to join one of local churches. This task should be carried out after the distribution of the brochures.This assessment can show whether the attendance of local churches can change the attitude of international students. This is why this step should not be overlooked. Budget Overall, this initiative should be viewed as a pilot project. It is necessary to distribute approximately 100 brochures and leaflets. Each brochure will cost approximately $ 10. In turn, the total cost of publishing these materials will be $ 1000. Furthermore, it is necessary to spend costs on the additional interview of international students. This assignment will re quire additional $ 2000. Therefore, this budget should be at least $ 3000. This proposal can be sponsored by California Association of Student Councils. In this way, this public organization can significantly assist many learners attending local colleges and universities. Conclusion The tasks indentified in this paper are aimed at increasing the awareness of international students about churches in California. By joining these organizations, these people can overcome culture shock, develop communicative skills, and establish contacts with the representatives of other cultures. Overall, this project can bring improvements into the experiences of international students who are frequently isolated from other people. They will be able to overcome both cultural and linguistic barriers that prevent them from integrating into the society. By supporting this proposal, California Association of Student Councils cam help a great number of foreign learners. Provided that this initiative proves to be successful, it can be implemented in other parts of the country. Andrade, Maureen, and Norman Evans. International Students: Strengthening a  Critical Resource, New York: RL Education, 2009. Print. Arthur, Nancy. Counseling international students: clients from around the world, New York: Springer, 2004. Print. Burnapp, Dave. Getting Ahead as an International Student, Boston: McGraw-Hill International, 2009. Print. International Student Trends. 2012. Web. Montgomery, Catherine. Understanding the International Student Experience, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Print.

Attachment Styles and Relationships

This paper will discuss how early relationships affect adults relationships later on in life. It will elaborate on the three dimensions each relationship has and they are passion, intimacy and commitment. The paper will include Robert Sternberg’s triangular theory of love. First, there are three types of attachments one may develop when we are infants. The first one is secure attachment. This manifests itself when an infant is with his or her mother and happily explores an unfamiliar environment.Furthermore, when the mother leaves, the infant will become distressed. On the other hand, when the mother returns, the infant runs to her and then continues playing (Bolt, 2004). Next, there is another type called avoidant attachment. These type of infants do not show distress when removed from their mother. They also do not cling to their mother upon reunion. They react to strangers in the same way they do with their mothers. They keep their attention focused on their toys (Bolt, 2004). The last type is called anxious attachment. In unfamiliar settings, these infants ling to their mother and cry when she leaves. However, when she returns, they are hostile. They do not explore their environment. These infants may continue to cry even after being picked up (Bolt, 2004). Attachment Styles and Relationships2 Furthermore, in adults relationships there are also three types. The first one is secure adults. This can be expressed when these adults find it easy to become close in a relationship. Their relationships are characterized by happiness, trust and friendship. They can accept and support their partners despite faults (Bolt, 2004). Next, the next type is avoidant adults. They are less invested in relationships and more likely to leave them. It seems that they are afraid to become too close to people. They have emotional highs and lows. They may have intimate relations with a partner without feeling love (Bolt, 2004). The last type of adult relationship is called anxious adults. These types are less trusting and demand reciprocation. They are generally more jealous and possessive. They may break up repeatedly with the same person. They can become angry and emotion hen discussing differences (Bolt, 2004). Furthermore, the reason this is so is because when these adult types were infants they lacked close physical proximity. This is important in any type of relationship. It helps for caregivers to for a bond with infants and adults to develop closeness in a relationship. Also, infants develop a feeling of security when they are held. The lack of this physical proximity contributes to the different attachment problems. This is an important aspect to look into. This means that a couple has to get to know each other’s similarities and differences. This is what brings them close to each other. This also helps the couple to learn what is best for their partner or spouse. Last, there are three types of commitment styles. The first one is personal commitment. This can been seen when two people are together because they enjoy each other. The second type is moral commitment. This happens when people feel an obligation to continue the marriage in order not to break their marital vows. This type of arriage is not based on true love. The third type is called constraint commitment in which people believe that they have to continue a relationship based on social, financial or emotional reasons. This is not a commitment out of love. In conclusion, to maintain a good relationship, a couple should have time to talk to each other. It is important to maintain good communication.

Analysis of the Strategy Options for British Airways Term Paper

Analysis of the Strategy Options for British Airways - Term Paper Example Presently, aviation customers search for those airlines which provide quality service, on-time arrival and departure, and reasonable rate altogether. Thus, aviation organizations do not have any other alternative but to defy traditional business strategies and develop new strategies (Dostaler & Flouris, n.d.). Several tools help to analyze the strategic choices available for British Airways in order to stay competitive in the market. ...Among the three strategic alternatives, British Airways has implemented a differentiation strategy in terms of quality. British Airways provides quality services to the customers for generating a valuable traveling experience. It provides healthy food options, quick track change network, superior sleeper facilities, and in-flight shower system among others. These differentiating services help British Airways to develop a unique brand image for the company (Office Application Development, 2010). Ansoff Matrix Ansoff matrix is a popular marketing manage ment tool which helps to recognize potential alternative strategies British Airways can consider. British Airways needs to refine the ideas by identifying appropriate methods for accomplishing the strategic options. Growth can be accomplished by internal improvement or else it can be achieved by acquisition and progression of market/services (Bowhill, 2008). The following table will illustrate the Ansoff Matrix and different strategic options: Products Present New Market Present Market Penetration Product Development New Market Development Diversification The major strategic elements of British Airways for differentiating the services are: Improving interactions with employees and developing them towards high performance Provide outstanding traveling experience to the customers Increase financial performance Maintain superiority in business operations Maintain good relationship with suppliers, communities and other elements of the aviation industry (British Airways, 2010).  

Stem Cell Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Stem Cell Research - Essay Example ern, it is important to remember that stem cell research should not be used as just another tool in the long standing debate between science and religion. There are certainly plenty of other concerns in that genre. Stem cell research is a new and necessary technological advance that will help cure many previously incurable diseases and genetic defects. This research also adds more insight into the miracle that is this universe. The real debate here is between ethical principles that upon closer scrutiny may not be so far apart. What are stem cells? The general scientific definition is as follows, "Stem cells are self-renewing, non-differentiated cells with the ability to differentiate into a number of specialized phenotypes in response to appropriate signals." (Cai, Fu, & Sheng, 2007, p. 655) More simply stated, stem cells are the progenitor cells, the building blocks, of all the diverse cells in our bodies. Starting in the embryo, these cells are what scientist also call "undifferentiated." They have not yet begun the process of forming the myriad variety of differentiated cells that make up a human being. Skin cells, liver cells, kidney cells, etc. all start out as stem cells and then become differentiated into these individual types. This research has typically used embryos taken from fertility clinics before they are discarded. These embryos are allowed to continue to develop further until the stage when they form a hollow sphere called a blastocyst. The inner cell walls of this sphere have a small amount of stem cells attached to them. These cells are gently removed and harvested then placed in cultures with nurturing feeder cells. A protein rich broth is added and the cells begin to multiply. (Brown, 2007) These cells can then, hypothetically, be used to replace virtually any cell in the human body: Several human diseases result from the loss of specific types of cells. So far, medicines approach to treatment has been to replace the chemicals

Public and Private School Uniforms :: Teaching Education

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Currently in America an on going debate continues regarding a uniform policy suggested to public and private schools. This develops into a controversial issue because valid argument exist on both sides. Giving this issue much thought has lead me to believe that making school uniforms mandatory would help the school systems. School uniforms would help unruly classrooms, also students would not have to buy expensive clothes and students would not get killed over tennis shoes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schools that have adopted uniforms have reported several advantages. Some school systems including ones in Miami, Detroit, and Los Angeles have adopted a voluntary uniform policy. Under this plan schools do not require students to wear their uniform, but most students cooperate. In the fall of 1994, the Long Beach Unified School District became the first in the nation to require uniforms, hoping to improve the overall conduct and scholastic records of their students. This school system feels that dressing students the same would eliminate the pressure of fitting in, build up students self-esteem, and augment student moral. Parents, teachers, and students agree that wearing uniforms would decrease arguments that begin over expensive clothing and sneakers. School systems hope uniforms will help to eliminate gang violence caused by students wearing rival gang colors. Uniforms would also prevent the wealthier students from picking on their less fortunate classmates because they can not afford to dress the same. Although no evidence confirms that the uniform policy will improve academic achievement, the Long Beach Unified School District reported a 50% decline in the number of disturbances at school and bus stops in their district. Overall, the Long Beach Unified School District has set an example for other schools planning to adopt the uniform policy by showing noticeable improvements in specific areas of its educational environment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Opponents of the uniform policy say it comes with disadvantages. Not all students want to fit in. Instead, they value their freedom and individuality. Students feel that making school uniforms mandatory takes away their right to self-expression. Opponents feel that uniforms are just a new gimmick that will have little effect on education. Also, school uniforms would prove costly for the students.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the other hand some people argue that uniforms are cheaper than buying children street clothing. However, opponents still feel that uniforms should not become a requirement. Most of the schools adopting uniforms are choosing so many other reforms that they will have difficulty proving that uniforms deserve praise. Skepticism, economics, and students reluctance to wear uniforms will continue to further decrease the popularity of uniforms in our

Low Fertility Rate

Written Report: Low Fertility Rates Written Report Justin Koh Zhi-ren MGMT003 B Jothi Rai & S ,G Tang Li 6Ying G9 G Jamie Lee Yaling Prepared For: Professor Er Jwee Ping Genevive Chan Keng Ling Prepared By: Yong Yi Wee ChiaDaryl Linus Lee Zhi Siong Jian Song, Eric Darren Teng Tze Shang USINESS OVERNMENT OCIETY ROUP Tackling The Problem Of Low Fertility Rates In Singapore Author(s): Lim Tze-En, Jamien Oh Wei Liang, Peter Wang Xiao Group: Team 3991 1 G13 Word Count (excluding content page and references): 3947 Report for Approval by: Written Report: Low Fertility Rates Table of Contents 1. 0 Introduction †¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3    2. 1 Overview †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3    2. 2 Definitions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3    2. 2. 1 Total fertility rate †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3    2. 2. 2 Population aging †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3    2. 3 Reasons for falling fertility rates †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 2. 3. 1 Lack of economic means to raise a child †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 2. 3. 2 Lack of social means to raise a child †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 2. 3. 3 Environmental factors †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 2. 4 Impact of falling fertility rates †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 2. 4. 1 Economic consequences †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 2. 4. 2 Social consequences †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 . 0 Issue Analysis †¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 3. 0 4. 0 Stakeholder analysis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6    Analysis and evaluation of govern ment actions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 4. 1 4. 2 4. 3 Parent- ­? targeted initiatives †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 Immigration initiatives †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10    Promoting Marriage †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10    Economic measures †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12    Social measures †¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13    Environmental measures †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 5. 0 Recommendations †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12    5. 1 5. 2 5. 3 6. 0 8. 0 9. 0 Limitations †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 13    Appendix †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15    References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 16 2 7. 0 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 14 Written Report: Low Fertility Rates 1. 0 Introduction The aim of this report is to analyze the existing problem of Singapore’s low fertility rate. By delving into its root causes and potential consequences, we hope to effectively evaluate the measures that the Singapore government has taken to tackle this critical issue, while proposing some practical recommendations. However, as no panacea is without side effects, we will also highlight the limitations to our proposals. 2. 0Issue Analysis 2. 1 Overview According to The Straits Times on 18 January 2011, â€Å"Singapore’s baby shortfall worsened last year when the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) sank to a historic low of 1. 16. That is down from 1. 22 in 2009, and way below the repla cement level of 2. 1 (Li, 2011). Declining fertility rates is one of Singapore greatest challenges, bringing with it both economic and social impact. In addition, it is also a key- ­? contributing factor towards Singapore’s inescapable ageing population. 2. 2 Definitions 2. 2. 1 Total Fertility Rate A population’s total fertility rate refers to the average number of hildren that would be born per female, if all females live through their childbearing years of 15- ­? 49 and bear children according to a given set of age- ­? specific fertility rates. (Ministry Of Community Development, Youth & Sports, 2010) 2. 2. 2 Ageing Population Ageing population refers to a situation where an increase in number of elderly, and a decrease in number of newborn babies lead to a shift in the median age distribution of a population. 2. 3 Reasons for falling fertility rates 2. 3. 1 Lack of economic means to raise a child High direct cost of raising a child 3 Written Report: Low Ferti lity Rates The asic costs of raising a child in Singapore include the costs of pregnancy and delivery, infant care, childcare and education. Besides, there are other additional living allowances as well as the possible extra holiday trips that need to be considered. A report by The Sunday Times (2010, as cited in â€Å"1 Million to†, 2010) estimated that the cost of raising 2 children in Singapore is about $1 million. These high costs act as a deterrent for couples to have children in Singapore, resulting in low fertility rates. Late entry into work force due to national service The mandatory two- ­? year national service delays theSingaporean male’s entry into the work force, delaying his ability to support a family till a later age. Since couples usually seek financial stability before they start a family, this has caused couples to delay their plans to have children, thereby contributing to lower fertility rates. Other economic commitments The high costs of living in Singapore currently take up a large portion of the monthly income of Singaporeans. Coupled with the rising property prices and costs of owning a car, there is less incentive for couples to start a family, since having children would only add to their financial burden. 2. 3. Lack of social means to raise a child Long working hours The high stress levels and long working hours in Singapore have been proven by many studies. According to an article â€Å"Don’t blame lack† by the International Labor Organization (2010), workers in Singapore clocked the most number of working hours per week among twelve nations in the survey. Such a phenomenon lowers fertility rates since couples might feel that they would not be able to care for their children due to long working hours. Both parties in work force The common phenomenon that both husbands and wives hold full- ­? time jobs also directly affects ouples’ willingness to raise children. Work stress endured by both par ties leaves little time and energy for childcare and couples might be more hesitant when making a decision to have children. 2. 3. 3 Environmental factors Large influx of immigrants In order to cope with the declining population, Singapore has developed a sound immigration policy to attract the work force necessary to grow our economy. As of 2010, approximately 35 of every 100 people living in Singapore are PRs, or foreigners 4 Written Report: Low Fertility Rates on work permits or study visas (Department Of Statistics Singapore, 2011). Many f these non- ­? citizens can be viewed as transient residents with no intention of settling down permanently in Singapore. While no official studies have been carried out, it is postulated that the fertility rate of these non- ­? citizens is much lower than that of Singapore citizens, pulling down our national fertility rate as a whole (Chong Lee Ming, 2009). Influence from western culture As a cosmopolitan city, Singaporeans have also been greatly influenced by western culture. The westernized new age culture of cohabitation in place of marriage has taken root with the younger generation of Singaporeans. Hence, ithout the bond of marriage, the traditional view of having children in a family is gradually watered down. Increasing focus on hedonism With increasing emphasis placed on consumerism, the younger generation of Singaporeans has become more interested in pursuing material goods and pleasures for oneself instead of spending efforts on fostering relationships. As a result, children, in their opinion, are more likely to be a chore than a gift, as was in traditional cultures. 2. 4 Impacts 2. 4. 1 Economic consequences Tapering of economic growth While a low fertility rate does not have a direct impact on the economy, ts impact can be felt over the long term. Children are the work force for tomorrow, and given the situation of a declining fertility rate over the past 2 decades, there has been a shrinking citizen labo ur force, as more citizens are reaching retirement age without corresponding new entrants, stifling economic growth. Dwindling supply of local workforce The low fertility rate will lead to a lack of young talent in the future, and result in a huge imbalance in the human resource market. The average age of the workforce in Singapore will also consequently increase, and the older generation might be encouraged to elay their retirement. Moreover, the lack of employees may force companies to increase staff workload, thereby increasing their burden. High dependency on foreign talent 5 Written Report: Low Fertility Rates Due to the lack of young local talent, businesses would need to rely on immigrants to ensure that the economic system functions smoothly. These companies may be forced to increase employee salaries and improve perks, in order to attract foreign job applicants, leading to an increase in staffing costs. 2. 4. 2 Social consequences Increased financial burden With a smaller y ounger generation supporting the ncreasing number of elderly dependents, there will be a greater strain on government welfare schemes and taxpayers resources. The increased demand for healthcare facilities might inevitably result in rising healthcare costs. More stress and longer working hours Due to the possible shortfall in employees, companies might need to increase employee workload and extend working hours to sustain productivity. This might then create another social problem, where a higher level of stress and longer working hours lead to a weakening of family ties or bonding between married couples. This might act as a deterrent for ouples to have children, and further exacerbate the issue of low fertility rates. Dilution of local culture due to immigration As we place a greater reliance on immigration to sustain the population in Singapore, there’s a possibility that the huge proportion of immigrants will greatly alter Singapore culture, and gradually dilute the tradi tional values of our society. 3. 0 Stakeholder analysis The stakeholders in this issue can be defined in the following diagram: th Source: Bucholtz , Carroll: Business and Society 7 edition, Chapter 3, pg85 6 Written Report: Low Fertility Rates Potential childbearing Singaporean ouples (Dominant Stakeholder) This group has legitimacy and power. Only they have the power to alter the fertility rate in Singapore. They have legitimacy, as they will form part of the ageing population in the future. However, they would not have urgency as they might feel that other priorities should take precedence instead of procreation. The current Singaporean work force (Dependent Stakeholder) Some elderly might be encouraged to extend their retirement due to the slow turnover rate of younger people succeeding their jobs. Such consequences will bring both economic and social problems to Singapore. Therefore, hey hold legitimacy and urgency but not power. Potential Immigrants (Dormant Stakeholder) Immig rants could be a possible solution in solving the low fertility rate problem (Cheow Xin Yi, 2011). The potential immigrants have the power to decide whether to immigrate to Singapore and therefore contribute to the solution for the low birthrate or not, however they have no urgency and legitimacy as this problem is not of concern to them. Government (Definitive Stakeholder) The government has legitimacy, urgency and power. Low fertility rate is an issue faced by the state, and it is their job to solve such matters.